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# Professional audio

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Related articles

- Sound system
- JACK
- Realtime kernel
- envy24control

Modern Linux systems are more than capable of supporting your (semi-)professional audio needs. Latencies of 5ms down to even as low as 1ms can be achieved with good hardware and proper configuration.

## Getting started

Arch Linux provides the package groups pro-audio (holding all relevant (semi-) professional applications), lv2-plugins, ladspa-plugins, dssi-plugins and vst-plugins (the latter being subgroups of the first group).

Tip: See Pacman/Tips and tricks#Listing packages for listing members of and Pacman#Installing package groups for installing package groups.

Low-latency audio on Linux is achieved using JACK (all applications in the pro-audio group are JACK clients).

Note: JACK uses audio backends, such as ALSA, FFADO, OSS or Portaudio. Depending on your setup, make sure those are configured properly!

### System configuration

Note: The quality of information on best practices and system configuration vary a great deal (and are outdated or sometimes even contradictory in many locations). While for some systems and setups a higher level of optimization is necessary, for most users this will not be the case. Try a standard setup with the vanilla Arch Linux kernel first. Only if you require a setup with lower latency and greater stability, start considering optimizations!

You may want to consider the following often seen system optimizations:

- Setting the CPU frequency scaling governor to performance.
- Configuring pam_limits (e.g. by installing realtime-privileges and adding your user to the `realtime` group).
- Using the `threadirqs` kernel parameter (consult [1] for reference) - enforced by default by the realtime kernel patchset.
- Using the realtime kernel patchset.
- Add `noatime` to fstab (see Improving performance#Mount options).
- Increasing the highest requested RTC interrupt frequency (default is 64 Hz) by running the following at boot:

    # echo 2048 > /sys/class/rtc/rtc0/max_user_freq
    # echo 2048 > /proc/sys/dev/hpet/max-user-freq

- Reducing swappiness (aka swap frequency, set to `60` by default) to e.g. `10` will make the system wait much longer before trying to swap to disk (see wikipedia:Paging#Swappiness). This can be done on the fly with `sysctl vm.swappiness=10` (see sysctl(8)) or setup permanently, using a configuration file (see sysctl.d(5)) such as:

    /etc/sysctl.d/90-swappiness.conf

    vm.swappiness = 10

- Increasing the maximum watches on files (defaults to `524288`) to e.g. `600000`, that inotify keeps track of for your user, can help with applications, that require many file handles (such as DAWs). This again can be done on the fly with `sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_watches=600000` or in a dedicated configuration file:

    /etc/sysctl.d/90-max_user_watches.conf

    fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 600000

You may also want to maximize the PCI latency timer of the PCI sound card and raise the latency timer of all other PCI peripherals (default is 64).

    $ setpci -v -d *:* latency_timer=b0
    # setpci -v -s $SOUND_CARD_PCI_ID latency_timer=ff

E.g. `SOUND_CARD_PCI_ID=03:00.0`.

The SOUND_CARD_PCI_ID can be obtained like so:

    $ lspci | grep -i audio

    03:00.0 Multimedia audio controller: Creative Labs SB Audigy (rev 03)
    03:01.0 Multimedia audio controller: VIA Technologies Inc. VT1720/24 [Envy24PT/HT] PCI Multi-Channel Audio Controller (rev 01)

#### Checklist

The steps below are mostly to double-check that you have a working multimedia system:

- Have I set up sound properly? See ALSA or OSS.

    $ speaker-test

- Is PulseAudio, OSS or something else grabbing my device?

    $ lsof +c 0 /dev/snd/pcm* /dev/dsp*

-OR-

    $ fuser -fv /dev/snd/pcm* /dev/dsp*

- Is PAM-security and realtime working OK?

See: Realtime for Users#PAM-enabled login (Pay special attention especially if you do not run KDM, GDM or Slim.)

- Have I rebooted after having done all that?

### JACK

The aim here is to find the best possible combination of buffer size and periods, given the hardware you have. Frames/Period = 256 is a sane starter. For onboard and USB devices, try Periods/Buffer = 3. Commonly used values are: 256/3, 256/2, 128/3.

Also, the sample rate must match the hardware sample rate. To check what sample and bit rates your device supports:

    $ cat /proc/asound/card0/codec#0

Replace card0 and codec#0 depending on what you have. You will be looking for rates or VRA in Extended ID. A common sample rate across many of today's devices is 48000 Hz. Others common rates include 44100 Hz and 96000 Hz.

Almost always, when recording or sequencing with external gear is concerned, realtime is a must. Also, you may like to set maximum priority (at least 10 lower than system limits defined in `/etc/security/limits.d/99-realtime-privileges.conf`); the highest is for the device itself).

Start jack with the options you just found out:

    $ /usr/bin/jackd -R -P89 -dalsa -dhw:0 -r48000 -p256 -n3

qjackctl, cadence, patchage and studio-controls-gitAUR can all be used to as GUIs to monitor JACK's status and simplify its configuration .

Note: Once you set up JACK, try different audio applications to test your configuration results. I spent days trying to troubleshoot JACK xrun issues with LMMS which in the end turned out to be the problem with the latter.

Further reading: Linux Magazine article

#### FireWire

Note: Nothing much is needed to be done as most things have been automated, especially with the introduction of the new FireWire stack, deprecation of HAL and more focus on udev. You should not need to edit device permissions, but if you suspect that your device may not be working due to such issues, see `/lib/udev/rules.d/60-ffado.rules` and if needed, create and put your changes into `/etc/udev/rules.d/60-ffado.rules`.

JACK(2) is built against FFADO, you only need to install it with the libffado package.

To test whether you have any chances of getting FireWire devices to work:

- Ensure the proper kernel modules are loaded:

    # modprobe firewire-core firewire-ohci

- Is my chipset sane enough to initiate a device?

http://www.ffado.org/?q=node/622

- Is my chipset sane enough to make a device work to its capacity?

We cannot say for sure, particularly for those based on Ricoh (cross-platform issue). Most of the time, your device will run fine, but on occasion you will be faced with funny quirks. For unlucky ones, you will be facing hell.

Note: As stated by Takashi Sakamoto on the alsa-devel mailing list, if you use the FireWire backend with jackd, the DICE module is incompatible. If you see a line like this :

    Warning (dice_eap.cpp)[1811] read: No routes found. Base 0x7, offset 0x4000

you need to disable the "snd_dice" module.

#### Jack Flash

If after getting jack setup you will find that Flash has no audio.

In order to get flash to work with jack you will need to install the libflashsupport-jackAUR package.

You can also use more flexible method to allow Alsa programs (including Flash) play sound while jack is running:

First you must install the jack plugin for Alsa by installing the alsa-plugins package. Enable it by editing (or creating) `/etc/asound.conf` (system wide settings) to have these lines:

    # convert alsa API over jack API
    # use it with
    # % aplay foo.wav

    # use this as default
    pcm.!default {
        type plug
        slave { pcm "jack" }
    }

    ctl.mixer0 {
        type hw
        card 1
    }

    # pcm type jack
    pcm.jack {
        type jack
        playback_ports {
            0 system:playback_1
            1 system:playback_2
        }
        capture_ports {
            0 system:capture_1
            1 system:capture_2
        }
    }

You do not need to restart your computer or anything. Just edit the alsa config files, start up jack.

#### Quickscan JACK script

Most people will probably want to run JACK in realtime mode, there are however a lot of knobs and buttons to press in order for that to happen.

A great way to quickly diagnose your system and find out what it is missing in order to have JACK work properly in real time mode is to run the Quickscan script.

    git clone git://github.com/raboof/realtimeconfigquickscan.git
    cd realtimeconfigquickscan
    perl ./realTimeConfigQuickScan.pl

The output should tell you where your system is lacking and will point you to places to find more information.

#### Desktop Effects vs JACK

In addition to the factors listed under the System Configuration section above as well as the settings checked by realTimeConfigQuickScan.pl, it is also worth noting that desktop environments can cause xruns and hence JACK audio glitches, especially memory/process intensive ones and those desktops that utilize composited desktop effects. It is recommended you disable desktop effects when using JACK. You are likely to get the least xruns and best performance by running a lightweight desktop or just a window manager instead.

#### A general example

A general configuration example is JACK Audio Connection Kit#A shell-based example setup.

## Realtime kernel

Since a while ago, the stock Linux kernel has proven to be adequate for realtime uses. The stock kernel (with `CONFIG_PREEMPT=y`, default in Arch) can operate with a worst case latency of upto 10ms (time between the moment an interrupt occurs in hardware, and the moment the corresponding interrupt-thread gets running), although some device drivers can introduce latency much worse than that. So depending on your hardware and driver (and requirement), you might want a kernel with hard realtime capabilities.

The RT_PREEMPT patch by Ingo Molnar and Thomas Gleixner is an interesting option for hard and firm realtime applications, reaching from professional audio to industrial control. Most audio-specific distro Linux ships with this patch applied. A realtime-preemptible kernel will also make it possible to tweak priorities of IRQ handling threads and help ensure smooth audio almost regardless of the load.

If you are going to compile your own kernel, remember that removing modules/options does not equate to a "leaner and meaner" kernel. It is true that the size of the kernel image is reduced, but in today's systems it is not as much of an issue as it was back in 1995.

In any way, you should also ensure that:

- Timer Frequency is set to 1000Hz (CONFIG_HZ_1000=y; if you do not do MIDI you can ignore this)
- APM is DISABLED (CONFIG_APM=n; Troublesome with some hardware - default in x86_64)

If you truly want a slim system, we suggest you go your own way and deploy one with static /devs. You should, however, set your CPU architecture. Selecting "Core 2 Duo" for appropriate hardware will allow for a good deal of optimisation, but not so much as you go down the scale.

General issue(s) with (realtime) kernels:

- Hyperthreading (if you suspect, disable in BIOS)

There are ready-to-run/compile patched kernels available in the ABS and AUR.

Note: Before you decide to use a patched kernel, see http://jackaudio.org/faq/realtime_vs_realtime_kernel.html.

### AUR

From the AUR itself, you have the following options:

- linux-rtAUR
- linux-rt-ltsAUR (Long Term Support, stable release)

The first two are standard kernels with the CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT patch, while -ice includes patches some may consider to be nasty, while to others are a blessing.

  See: Real-Time Linux Wiki

## MIDI

To decrease MIDI jitter when using external MIDI equipment jack2's -Xalsarawmidi option should be used. When doing this you need to use a2jmidid, too.

With alsa-midi-latency-test you could test how much jitter you get. PCI and PCIe cards are usually much better than USB MIDI devices.

To work with MIDI, it is highly recommended that you install a2j (a2jmidid), a bridge between alsa midi and jack midi. It allows you to connect applications that only communicate with alsa midi to applications that only use jack midi. Laditray can also start/stop a2j.

  See: JACK#MIDI

## Environment variables

If you install things to non-standard directories, it is often necessary to set environment path variables so that applications know where to look (for plug-ins and other libraries). This usually affects only VST (Virtual Studio Technology) since users might have a Wine or external Windows location.

We would usually not have Linux plug-ins (LADSPA, LV2, DSSI, LXVST) beyond standard paths, so it is not necessary to export them. But if you do, be sure to include those standard paths as well since Arch does not do anything for dssi or ladspa, and some applications like dssi-vst will not look anywhere else if it finds predefined paths.

    ~/.bashrc

    ...
    export VST_PATH=/usr/lib/vst:/usr/local/lib/vst:~/.vst:/someother/custom/dir
    export LXVST_PATH=/usr/lib/lxvst:/usr/local/lib/lxvst:~/.lxvst:/someother/custom/dir
    export LADSPA_PATH=/usr/lib/ladspa:/usr/local/lib/ladspa:~/.ladspa:/someother/custom/dir
    export LV2_PATH=/usr/lib/lv2:/usr/local/lib/lv2:~/.lv2:/someother/custom/dir
    export DSSI_PATH=/usr/lib/dssi:/usr/local/lib/dssi:~/.dssi:/someother/custom/dir

## Tips and tricks

- Disable WiFi and close any programs that do not need to be open when recording such as browsers. Many have reported disabling WiFi has led to more reliable JACK performance.

- Some USB audio hardware is known not to work properly when plugged into USB 3 ports so try USB 2/1 ports instead.

- IRQ issues can occur and cause problems. An example is video hardware reserving the bus, causing needless interrupts in the system I/O path. See discussion at FFADO IRQ Priorities How-To. If you have a realtime or a recent kernel, you can use rtirq to adjust priorities of IRQ handling threads.

- Do not use the irqbalance daemon, or do so carefully [2].

- If you need to use multiple audio devices with JACK2, the alsa_in and alsa_out utilities can be used to have extra devices wrapped and show up as outputs in the JACK patchbay.

- Some daemons/processes can unexpectedly cause xruns. If you do not need it - kill it. No questions asked.

    $ ls /var/run/daemons
    $ top # or htop, ps aux, whatever you are comfortable with
    $ killall -9 $processname
    # systemctl stop $daemonname

- If you are facing a lot of xruns especially with nvidia, disable your GPU throttling. This can be done via the card's control applet and for nvidia it is "prefer maximum performance" (thanks to a post in LAU by Frank Kober[3]).

- You may like to read more on ALSA: https://www.volkerschatz.com/noise/alsa.html

## Hardware

The majority of sound cards and audio devices will work with no extra configuration or packages, simply set the sound card jack is using to them and restart.

This is not true for all devices, and so special cases are also listed.

### M-Audio Delta 1010

The M-Audio Delta series cards are based on the VIA Ice1712 audio chipset. Cards using this chip require that you install the alsa-tools package, because it contains the envy24control program. Envy24control is a hardware level mixer/controller. You can use alsa-mixer but you will save yourself some hassle not to try it. Note that this section has no information on MIDI setup or usage.

Open the mixer application:

    $ envy24control

This application can be more than a bit confusing; see envy24control for guidance on its use. That said, here is a very simple working setup for multitracking with Ardour.

1. On the "Monitor Inputs" and "Monitor PCMs" tabs, set all monitor inputs and monitor PCMs to around 20.
2. On the "Patchbay / Router" tab, set all to PCM out.
3. On the "Hardware Settings" tab, verify that the Master Clock setting matches what is set in Qjackctl. If these do not match you will have xruns out of control!

### M-Audio Fast Track Pro

The M-Audio Fast Track Pro is an USB 4x4 audio interface, working at 24bit/96kHz. Due to limitation of USB 1, this device requires additional setup to get access to all its features. Device works in one of two configuration:

- Configuration 1, or "Class compliant mode" - with reduced functionality, only 16bit, 48kHz, analogue input (2 channels) and digital/analogue output (4 channels).
- Configuration 2 - with access to all features of interface.

Currently with stock kernel it runs in configuration 2, but if you want to make sure in what mode you are, you can check kernel log for entries:

    usb-audio: Fast Track Pro switching to config #2
    usb-audio: Fast Track Pro config OK

The interface also needs extra step of configuration to switch modes. It is done using option `device_setup` during module loading. The recommended way to setup the interface is using file in `modprobe.d`:

    /etc/modprobe.d/ftp.conf

    options snd_usb_audio vid=0x763 pid=0x2012 device_setup=XXX index=YYY enable=1

where `vid` and `pid` are vendor and product id for M-Audio Fast Track Pro, `index` is desired device number and `device_setup` is desired device setup. Possible values for `device_setup` are:

device modes
device_setup value | bit depth | frequency | analog output | digital output | analog input | digital input | IO mode
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0x0 | 16 bit | 48kHz | + | + | + | + | 4x4
0x9 | 24 bit | 48kHz | + | + | + | - | 2x4
0x13 | 24 bit | 48kHz | + | + | - | + | 2x4
0x5 | 24 bit | 96kHz | * | * | * | * | 2x0 or 0x2

The 24 bit/96kHz mode is special: it provides all input/output, but you can open only one of 4 interfaces at a time. If you for example open output interface and then try to open second output or input interface, you will see error in kernel log:

    cannot submit datapipe for urb 0, error -28: not enough bandwidth

which is perfectly normal, because this is USB 1 device and cannot provide enough bandwidth to support more than single (2 channel) destination/source of that quality at a time.

Depending on the value of `index` it will setup two devices: `hwYYY:0` and `hwYYY:1`, which will contain available inputs and outputs. First device is most likely to contain analog output and digital input, while second one will contain analog input and digital output. To find out which devices are linked where and if they are setup correctly, you can check `/proc/asound/cardYYY/stream{0,1}` . Below is list of important endpoints that will help in correctly identifying card connections (it easy to mistake analog and digital input or output connections before you get used to the device):

    EP 3 (analgoue output = TRS on back, mirrored on RCA outputs 1 and 2 on back)
    EP 4 (digital output = S/PDIF output on back, mirrored on RCA outputs 3 and 4 on back)
    EP 5 (analogue input = balanced TRS or XLR microphone, unbalanced TS line on front)
    EP 6 (digital input = S/PDIF input on back)

This .asoundrc file enables 24-bit IO on the fast-track pro (and I'm sure it could be modified to work with other 3-byte usb devices) within the context of jack's 32-bit interface while routing default alsa traffic to jack outputs on the audio interface. Alsa will be in S24_3BE mode but jack can plug S32_LE data in and out of the interface and other alsa programs will be able to plug almost anything into jack.

    ### ~/.asoundrc
    ### default alsa config file, for a fast-track pro configured in 24-bit mode as so:
    ### options snd_usb_audio device_setup=0x9
    ### invoke jack with: (if you use -r48000, change the rate in the plugs as well)
    ### $jackd -dalsa -P"hw:Pro" -C"hw:Pro,1" -r44100

    ## setup input and output plugs so jack can write S24_3BE data to the audio interface

    pcm.maud0 {
    	type hw
    	card Pro
    }

    #jack_out plug makes sure that S32_LE data can be written to hw:Pro
    pcm.jack_out{
    	type plug
    	format S32_LE
    	channels 2
    	rate 44100
    	slave pcm.maud0
    }

    pcm.maud1 {
    	type hw
    	card Pro
    	device 1
    }
    ## jack_in plug makes sure that hw:Pro,1 can read S32_LE data
    pcm.jack_in {
    	type plug
    	format S32_LE
    	channels 2
    	rate 44100
    	slave pcm.maud1
    }
    #####
    # route default alsa traffic through jack system io

    pcm.jack {
        type jack
        playback_ports {
            0 system:playback_1
            1 system:playback_2
        }
        capture_ports {
            0 system:capture_1
            1 system:capture_2
        }
    }
    pcm.amix {
    	type asym
    	playback.pcm "jack"
    	capture.pcm "jack"
    	}
    pcm.!default {
    	type plug
    	slave.pcm amix
    }

### PreSonus Firepod

1. Startup: Either from command line or QjackCtl, the driver is called firewire.
2. Specs: The card contains 8/8 preamp'ed XLR plus a stereo pair, in total 10 channels.
3. Linking: Cards can be linked together without any problems.
4. Hardware Settings: Nothing particular, tweak the settings in QjackCtl to your likings.

Volume levels are hardware and routing can be done through QjackCtl, even with more cards linked together, this is not a problem. The ffadomixer does not work with this card yet, hopefully in the future we can control more aspects of the card through a software interface like that.

### PreSonus AudioBox USB

1. Startup: It is called "USB" by ALSA.
2. Specs: Two mono TRS+XLR in, two mono TRS out, MIDI in and out, plus separate stereo headphone jack. Knob controls for both inputs, for main out, and for headphone, four in all.
3. Hardware: Works very well, audio and MIDI too. No software mixer controls at all.

### Tascam US-122

This does not apply to the US-122L

1. Required packages: alsa-tools alsa-firmware fxloadAUR
2. udev rules: create the following rules file, then reload udev rules, Udev#Loading new rules

    /etc/udev/rules.d/51-tascam-us-122.rules

    SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ACTION=="add", ATTRS{idProduct}=="8006", ATTRS{idVendor}=="1604", RUN+="/bin/sh -c '/sbin/fxload -D %N -s /usr/share/alsa/firmware/usx2yloader/tascam_loader.ihx -I /usr/share/alsa/firmware/usx2yloader/us122fw.ihx'"
    SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ACTION=="add", ATTRS{idProduct}=="8007", ATTRS{idVendor}=="1604", RUN+="/bin/sh -c '/usr/bin/usx2yloader'"

Plug in the unit The device should now be working, there are no software mixer controls

### RME Babyface

It works very well at low latencies (~5ms) with alsa-utils, jack2 and linux-rtAUR. Running on ALSA only with the standard kernel may cause crackling at lower latencies.

To be recognized and work, the firmware version of the Babyface needs to be >= 200, which introduces the Class Compliant Mode. To enter Class Compliant Mode hold the "Select" and "Recall" buttons while connecting the Babyface to the computer via USB. It should now be recognized.

To check if it is recognized:

    $ grep -i baby /proc/asound/cards

For more info about the Class Compliant Mode visit RME's website, they have PDF which covers all the functionality.

The Babyface does not need any special Jack Settings. But if you want to use the built in MIDI In/Out then you need to set the "MIDI Driver" to "seq" and optionally disable "Enable Alsa Sequencer Support" to use it in combination with other MIDI Devices (a USB Midi Keyboard for example).

## Restricted software

### Steinberg's SDKs

It is very clear - we can distribute neither the VST nor the ASIO headers in binary package form. However, whenever you are building a program which would host Windows .dll VST plug-ins, check for the following hints (that do not require use of any SDK):

- dssi-vst
- fst
- vestige

With that said, if you are building a program which would host native .so VST plug-ins, then there is no escape. For such cases, Arch yet again allows us to maintain a uniform local software database. We can "install" the SDK system-wide - you simply have to download it yourself and place it in the packaging directory.

Get them from AUR

Note: Steinberg does not forbid redistribution of resulting products, nor dictate what license they can be under. There are many GPL-licensed VST plug-ins. As such, distributing binary packages of software built with these restricted headers is not a problem, because the headers are simply buildtime dependencies.

## Linux and Arch Linux Pro Audio in the news

- Build a Serious Multimedia Production Workstation with Arch - Linux.com article, July 2012
- An Arch Tale - Article by fellow musician and writer Dave Phillips, October 2011
- From Windows to Linux: a sound decision - Interview with Geoff "songshop" Beasley, February 2010

## Mailing lists

- Arch Linux Pro-audio Discussion about real-time multimedia, including (semi-)pro audio and video
- Linux Audio Developer The Linux pro-audio related mailing list with much traffic and a huge subscriber community of mainly developers.
- Linux Audio User The Linux pro-audio related mailing list with much traffic and a huge subscriber community of users and developers.

## IRC

- #archlinux-proaudio - Arch Linux pro-audio channel
- #lau - General Linux Audio channel for users
- #lad - General Linux Audio channel for developers
- #jack - Development and support related to JACK audio system
- #lv2 - Development and support related to the LV2 plugin format
- #ardour - Discussion and support relating to the Ardour DAW
- #opensourcemusicians - Large general OSS musician discussion channel

## See also

- Audio A comprehensive list of audio applications on Arch Linux
- Realtime kernel
- AUR meta packages: proaudio-metaAUR, soundfonts-aur-metaAUR, lv2-plugins-aur-metaAUR
- User repositories: heftig
- awesome-linuxaudio A list of software and resources for professional audio/video/live events production on the Linux platform
- Realtime The Linux Foundation wiki on the PREEMPT_RT patches
- Multimedia and Games / Arch Linux Forums
- ArchAudio - the now legacy - pro-audio related package repository overlay (some history)

Category:

- Sound