StringBuffer (Java Platform SE 8 )
Keywords: java.lang.StringBuffer class
Date: 2018-07-01

compact1, compact2, compact3
java.lang

## Class StringBuffer

- java.lang.Object
- - java.lang.StringBuffer

- All Implemented Interfaces:
    Serializable, Appendable, CharSequence

      public final class StringBuffer
      extends Object
      implements Serializable, CharSequence

  A thread-safe, mutable sequence of characters. A string buffer is like a `String`, but can be modified. At any point in time it contains some particular sequence of characters, but the length and content of the sequence can be changed through certain method calls.

  String buffers are safe for use by multiple threads. The methods are synchronized where necessary so that all the operations on any particular instance behave as if they occur in some serial order that is consistent with the order of the method calls made by each of the individual threads involved.

  The principal operations on a `StringBuffer` are the `append` and `insert` methods, which are overloaded so as to accept data of any type. Each effectively converts a given datum to a string and then appends or inserts the characters of that string to the string buffer. The `append` method always adds these characters at the end of the buffer; the `insert` method adds the characters at a specified point.

  For example, if `z` refers to a string buffer object whose current contents are `"start"`, then the method call `z.append("le")` would cause the string buffer to contain `"startle"`, whereas `z.insert(4, "le")` would alter the string buffer to contain `"starlet"`.

  In general, if sb refers to an instance of a `StringBuffer`, then `sb.append(x)` has the same effect as `sb.insert(sb.length(), x)`.

  Whenever an operation occurs involving a source sequence (such as appending or inserting from a source sequence), this class synchronizes only on the string buffer performing the operation, not on the source. Note that while `StringBuffer` is designed to be safe to use concurrently from multiple threads, if the constructor or the `append` or `insert` operation is passed a source sequence that is shared across threads, the calling code must ensure that the operation has a consistent and unchanging view of the source sequence for the duration of the operation. This could be satisfied by the caller holding a lock during the operation's call, by using an immutable source sequence, or by not sharing the source sequence across threads.

  Every string buffer has a capacity. As long as the length of the character sequence contained in the string buffer does not exceed the capacity, it is not necessary to allocate a new internal buffer array. If the internal buffer overflows, it is automatically made larger.

  Unless otherwise noted, passing a `null` argument to a constructor or method in this class will cause a `NullPointerException` to be thrown.

  As of release JDK 5, this class has been supplemented with an equivalent class designed for use by a single thread, `StringBuilder`. The `StringBuilder` class should generally be used in preference to this one, as it supports all of the same operations but it is faster, as it performs no synchronization.

  Since:
    JDK1.0
  See Also:
    `StringBuilder`, `String`, Serialized Form

- - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and Description
    `StringBuffer()` Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and an initial capacity of 16 characters.
    `StringBuffer(CharSequence seq)` Constructs a string buffer that contains the same characters as the specified `CharSequence`.
    `StringBuffer(int capacity)` Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and the specified initial capacity.
    `StringBuffer(String str)` Constructs a string buffer initialized to the contents of the specified string.

  - ### Method Summary

    All Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `StringBuffer` | `append(boolean b)` Appends the string representation of the `boolean` argument to the sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(char c)` Appends the string representation of the `char` argument to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(char[] str)` Appends the string representation of the `char` array argument to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(char[] str, int offset, int len)` Appends the string representation of a subarray of the `char` array argument to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(CharSequence s)` Appends the specified `CharSequence` to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(CharSequence s, int start, int end)` Appends a subsequence of the specified `CharSequence` to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(double d)` Appends the string representation of the `double` argument to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(float f)` Appends the string representation of the `float` argument to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(int i)` Appends the string representation of the `int` argument to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(long lng)` Appends the string representation of the `long` argument to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(Object obj)` Appends the string representation of the `Object` argument.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(String str)` Appends the specified string to this character sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `append(StringBuffer sb)` Appends the specified `StringBuffer` to this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `appendCodePoint(int codePoint)` Appends the string representation of the `codePoint` argument to this sequence.
    `int` | `capacity()` Returns the current capacity.
    `char` | `charAt(int index)` Returns the `char` value in this sequence at the specified index.
    `int` | `codePointAt(int index)` Returns the character (Unicode code point) at the specified index.
    `int` | `codePointBefore(int index)` Returns the character (Unicode code point) before the specified index.
    `int` | `codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex)` Returns the number of Unicode code points in the specified text range of this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `delete(int start, int end)` Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `deleteCharAt(int index)` Removes the `char` at the specified position in this sequence.
    `void` | `ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity)` Ensures that the capacity is at least equal to the specified minimum.
    `void` | `getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin)` Characters are copied from this sequence into the destination character array `dst`.
    `int` | `indexOf(String str)` Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring.
    `int` | `indexOf(String str, int fromIndex)` Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting at the specified index.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, boolean b)` Inserts the string representation of the `boolean` argument into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, char c)` Inserts the string representation of the `char` argument into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, char[] str)` Inserts the string representation of the `char` array argument into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int index, char[] str, int offset, int len)` Inserts the string representation of a subarray of the `str` array argument into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int dstOffset, CharSequence s)` Inserts the specified `CharSequence` into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int dstOffset, CharSequence s, int start, int end)` Inserts a subsequence of the specified `CharSequence` into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, double d)` Inserts the string representation of the `double` argument into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, float f)` Inserts the string representation of the `float` argument into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, int i)` Inserts the string representation of the second `int` argument into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, long l)` Inserts the string representation of the `long` argument into this sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, Object obj)` Inserts the string representation of the `Object` argument into this character sequence.
    `StringBuffer` | `insert(int offset, String str)` Inserts the string into this character sequence.
    `int` | `lastIndexOf(String str)` Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence of the specified substring.
    `int` | `lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex)` Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring.
    `int` | `length()` Returns the length (character count).
    `int` | `offsetByCodePoints(int index, int codePointOffset)` Returns the index within this sequence that is offset from the given `index` by `codePointOffset` code points.
    `StringBuffer` | `replace(int start, int end, String str)` Replaces the characters in a substring of this sequence with characters in the specified `String`.
    `StringBuffer` | `reverse()` Causes this character sequence to be replaced by the reverse of the sequence.
    `void` | `setCharAt(int index, char ch)` The character at the specified index is set to `ch`.
    `void` | `setLength(int newLength)` Sets the length of the character sequence.
    `CharSequence` | `subSequence(int start, int end)` Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.
    `String` | `substring(int start)` Returns a new `String` that contains a subsequence of characters currently contained in this character sequence.
    `String` | `substring(int start, int end)` Returns a new `String` that contains a subsequence of characters currently contained in this sequence.
    `String` | `toString()` Returns a string representing the data in this sequence.
    `void` | `trimToSize()` Attempts to reduce storage used for the character sequence.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

    - ### Methods inherited from interface java.lang.CharSequence

      `chars, codePoints`

- - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### StringBuffer

          public StringBuffer()

      Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and an initial capacity of 16 characters.

    - #### StringBuffer

          public StringBuffer(int capacity)

      Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and the specified initial capacity.
      Parameters:
        `capacity` - the initial capacity.
      Throws:
        `NegativeArraySizeException` - if the `capacity` argument is less than `0`.

    - #### StringBuffer

          public StringBuffer(String str)

      Constructs a string buffer initialized to the contents of the specified string. The initial capacity of the string buffer is `16` plus the length of the string argument.
      Parameters:
        `str` - the initial contents of the buffer.

    - #### StringBuffer

          public StringBuffer(CharSequence seq)

      Constructs a string buffer that contains the same characters as the specified `CharSequence`. The initial capacity of the string buffer is `16` plus the length of the `CharSequence` argument.

      If the length of the specified `CharSequence` is less than or equal to zero, then an empty buffer of capacity `16` is returned.

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the sequence to copy.
      Since:
        1.5

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### length

          public int length()

      Returns the length (character count).
      Specified by:
        `length` in interface `CharSequence`
      Returns:
        the length of the sequence of characters currently represented by this object

    - #### capacity

          public int capacity()

      Returns the current capacity. The capacity is the amount of storage available for newly inserted characters, beyond which an allocation will occur.
      Returns:
        the current capacity

    - #### ensureCapacity

          public void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity)

      Ensures that the capacity is at least equal to the specified minimum. If the current capacity is less than the argument, then a new internal array is allocated with greater capacity. The new capacity is the larger of:
      - The `minimumCapacity` argument.
      - Twice the old capacity, plus `2`.
      If the `minimumCapacity` argument is nonpositive, this method takes no action and simply returns. Note that subsequent operations on this object can reduce the actual capacity below that requested here.
      Parameters:
        `minimumCapacity` - the minimum desired capacity.

    - #### trimToSize

          public void trimToSize()

      Attempts to reduce storage used for the character sequence. If the buffer is larger than necessary to hold its current sequence of characters, then it may be resized to become more space efficient. Calling this method may, but is not required to, affect the value returned by a subsequent call to the `capacity()` method.
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### setLength

          public void setLength(int newLength)

      Sets the length of the character sequence. The sequence is changed to a new character sequence whose length is specified by the argument. For every nonnegative index k less than `newLength`, the character at index k in the new character sequence is the same as the character at index k in the old sequence if k is less than the length of the old character sequence; otherwise, it is the null character `'\u0000'`. In other words, if the `newLength` argument is less than the current length, the length is changed to the specified length.

      If the `newLength` argument is greater than or equal to the current length, sufficient null characters (`'\u0000'`) are appended so that length becomes the `newLength` argument.

      The `newLength` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`.

      Parameters:
        `newLength` - the new length
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the `newLength` argument is negative.
      See Also:
        `length()`

    - #### charAt

          public char charAt(int index)

      Returns the `char` value in this sequence at the specified index. The first `char` value is at index `0`, the next at index `1`, and so on, as in array indexing.

      The index argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than the length of this sequence.

      If the `char` value specified by the index is a surrogate, the surrogate value is returned.

      Specified by:
        `charAt` in interface `CharSequence`
      Parameters:
        `index` - the index of the desired `char` value.
      Returns:
        the `char` value at the specified index.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `index` is negative or greater than or equal to `length()`.
      See Also:
        `length()`

    - #### codePointAt

          public int codePointAt(int index)

      Returns the character (Unicode code point) at the specified index. The index refers to `char` values (Unicode code units) and ranges from `0` to `length()``- 1`.

      If the `char` value specified at the given index is in the high-surrogate range, the following index is less than the length of this sequence, and the `char` value at the following index is in the low-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point corresponding to this surrogate pair is returned. Otherwise, the `char` value at the given index is returned.

      Parameters:
        `index` - the index to the `char` values
      Returns:
        the code point value of the character at the `index`
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### codePointBefore

          public int codePointBefore(int index)

      Returns the character (Unicode code point) before the specified index. The index refers to `char` values (Unicode code units) and ranges from `1` to `length()`.

      If the `char` value at `(index - 1)` is in the low-surrogate range, `(index - 2)` is not negative, and the `char` value at `(index - 2)` is in the high-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point value of the surrogate pair is returned. If the `char` value at `index - 1` is an unpaired low-surrogate or a high-surrogate, the surrogate value is returned.

      Parameters:
        `index` - the index following the code point that should be returned
      Returns:
        the Unicode code point value before the given index.
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### codePointCount

          public int codePointCount(int beginIndex,
                                    int endIndex)

      Returns the number of Unicode code points in the specified text range of this sequence. The text range begins at the specified `beginIndex` and extends to the `char` at index `endIndex - 1`. Thus the length (in `char`s) of the text range is `endIndex-beginIndex`. Unpaired surrogates within this sequence count as one code point each.
      Parameters:
        `beginIndex` - the index to the first `char` of the text range.
        `endIndex` - the index after the last `char` of the text range.
      Returns:
        the number of Unicode code points in the specified text range
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### offsetByCodePoints

          public int offsetByCodePoints(int index,
                                        int codePointOffset)

      Returns the index within this sequence that is offset from the given `index` by `codePointOffset` code points. Unpaired surrogates within the text range given by `index` and `codePointOffset` count as one code point each.
      Parameters:
        `index` - the index to be offset
        `codePointOffset` - the offset in code points
      Returns:
        the index within this sequence
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### getChars

          public void getChars(int srcBegin,
                               int srcEnd,
                               char[] dst,
                               int dstBegin)

      Characters are copied from this sequence into the destination character array `dst`. The first character to be copied is at index `srcBegin`; the last character to be copied is at index `srcEnd-1`. The total number of characters to be copied is `srcEnd-srcBegin`. The characters are copied into the subarray of `dst` starting at index `dstBegin` and ending at index:

           dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1

      Parameters:
        `srcBegin` - start copying at this offset.
        `srcEnd` - stop copying at this offset.
        `dst` - the array to copy the data into.
        `dstBegin` - offset into `dst`.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if any of the following is true:
        - `srcBegin` is negative
        - `dstBegin` is negative
        - the `srcBegin` argument is greater than the `srcEnd` argument.
        - `srcEnd` is greater than `this.length()`.
        - `dstBegin+srcEnd-srcBegin` is greater than `dst.length`

    - #### setCharAt

          public void setCharAt(int index,
                                char ch)

      The character at the specified index is set to `ch`. This sequence is altered to represent a new character sequence that is identical to the old character sequence, except that it contains the character `ch` at position `index`.

      The index argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `index` - the index of the character to modify.
        `ch` - the new character.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `index` is negative or greater than or equal to `length()`.
      See Also:
        `length()`

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(Object obj)

      Appends the string representation of the `Object` argument.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(Object)`, and the characters of that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `obj` - an `Object`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(String str)

      Appends the specified string to this character sequence.

      The characters of the `String` argument are appended, in order, increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the argument. If `str` is `null`, then the four characters `"null"` are appended.

      Let n be the length of this character sequence just prior to execution of the `append` method. Then the character at index k in the new character sequence is equal to the character at index k in the old character sequence, if k is less than n; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index k-n in the argument `str`.

      Parameters:
        `str` - a string.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(StringBuffer sb)

      Appends the specified `StringBuffer` to this sequence.

      The characters of the `StringBuffer` argument are appended, in order, to the contents of this `StringBuffer`, increasing the length of this `StringBuffer` by the length of the argument. If `sb` is `null`, then the four characters `"null"` are appended to this `StringBuffer`.

      Let n be the length of the old character sequence, the one contained in the `StringBuffer` just prior to execution of the `append` method. Then the character at index k in the new character sequence is equal to the character at index k in the old character sequence, if k is less than n; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index k-n in the argument `sb`.

      This method synchronizes on `this`, the destination object, but does not synchronize on the source (`sb`).

      Parameters:
        `sb` - the `StringBuffer` to append.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Since:
        1.4

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(CharSequence s)

      Appends the specified `CharSequence` to this sequence.

      The characters of the `CharSequence` argument are appended, in order, increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the argument.

      The result of this method is exactly the same as if it were an invocation of this.append(s, 0, s.length());

      This method synchronizes on `this`, the destination object, but does not synchronize on the source (`s`).

      If `s` is `null`, then the four characters `"null"` are appended.

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `s` - the `CharSequence` to append.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(CharSequence s,
                                     int start,
                                     int end)

      Appends a subsequence of the specified `CharSequence` to this sequence.

      Characters of the argument `s`, starting at index `start`, are appended, in order, to the contents of this sequence up to the (exclusive) index `end`. The length of this sequence is increased by the value of `end - start`.

      Let n be the length of this character sequence just prior to execution of the `append` method. Then the character at index k in this character sequence becomes equal to the character at index k in this sequence, if k is less than n; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index k+start-n in the argument `s`.

      If `s` is `null`, then this method appends characters as if the s parameter was a sequence containing the four characters `"null"`.

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `s` - the sequence to append.
        `start` - the starting index of the subsequence to be appended.
        `end` - the end index of the subsequence to be appended.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `start` is negative, or `start` is greater than `end` or `end` is greater than `s.length()`
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(char[] str)

      Appends the string representation of the `char` array argument to this sequence.

      The characters of the array argument are appended, in order, to the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases by the length of the argument.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(char[])`, and the characters of that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `str` - the characters to be appended.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(char[] str,
                                     int offset,
                                     int len)

      Appends the string representation of a subarray of the `char` array argument to this sequence.

      Characters of the `char` array `str`, starting at index `offset`, are appended, in order, to the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases by the value of `len`.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the arguments were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(char[],int,int)`, and the characters of that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `str` - the characters to be appended.
        `offset` - the index of the first `char` to append.
        `len` - the number of `char`s to append.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `offset < 0` or `len < 0` or `offset+len > str.length`

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(boolean b)

      Appends the string representation of the `boolean` argument to the sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(boolean)`, and the characters of that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `b` - a `boolean`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(char c)

      Appends the string representation of the `char` argument to this sequence.

      The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases by `1`.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(char)`, and the character in that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `c` - a `char`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(int i)

      Appends the string representation of the `int` argument to this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(int)`, and the characters of that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `i` - an `int`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### appendCodePoint

          public StringBuffer appendCodePoint(int codePoint)

      Appends the string representation of the `codePoint` argument to this sequence.

      The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases by `Character.charCount(codePoint)`.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a `char` array by the method `Character.toChars(int)` and the character in that array were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `codePoint` - a Unicode code point
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(long lng)

      Appends the string representation of the `long` argument to this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(long)`, and the characters of that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `lng` - a `long`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(float f)

      Appends the string representation of the `float` argument to this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(float)`, and the characters of that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `f` - a `float`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### append

          public StringBuffer append(double d)

      Appends the string representation of the `double` argument to this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(double)`, and the characters of that string were then `appended` to this character sequence.

      Parameters:
        `d` - a `double`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.

    - #### delete

          public StringBuffer delete(int start,
                                     int end)

      Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence. The substring begins at the specified `start` and extends to the character at index `end - 1` or to the end of the sequence if no such character exists. If `start` is equal to `end`, no changes are made.
      Parameters:
        `start` - The beginning index, inclusive.
        `end` - The ending index, exclusive.
      Returns:
        This object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `start` is negative, greater than `length()`, or greater than `end`.
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### deleteCharAt

          public StringBuffer deleteCharAt(int index)

      Removes the `char` at the specified position in this sequence. This sequence is shortened by one `char`.

      Note: If the character at the given index is a supplementary character, this method does not remove the entire character. If correct handling of supplementary characters is required, determine the number of `char`s to remove by calling `Character.charCount(thisSequence.codePointAt(index))`, where `thisSequence` is this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `index` - Index of `char` to remove
      Returns:
        This object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the `index` is negative or greater than or equal to `length()`.
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### replace

          public StringBuffer replace(int start,
                                      int end,
                                      String str)

      Replaces the characters in a substring of this sequence with characters in the specified `String`. The substring begins at the specified `start` and extends to the character at index `end - 1` or to the end of the sequence if no such character exists. First the characters in the substring are removed and then the specified `String` is inserted at `start`. (This sequence will be lengthened to accommodate the specified String if necessary.)
      Parameters:
        `start` - The beginning index, inclusive.
        `end` - The ending index, exclusive.
        `str` - String that will replace previous contents.
      Returns:
        This object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `start` is negative, greater than `length()`, or greater than `end`.
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### substring

          public String substring(int start)

      Returns a new `String` that contains a subsequence of characters currently contained in this character sequence. The substring begins at the specified index and extends to the end of this sequence.
      Parameters:
        `start` - The beginning index, inclusive.
      Returns:
        The new string.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `start` is less than zero, or greater than the length of this object.
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### subSequence

          public CharSequence subSequence(int start,
                                          int end)

      Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.

      An invocation of this method of the form

           sb.subSequence(begin,&nbsp;end)

      behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

           sb.substring(begin,&nbsp;end)

      This method is provided so that this class can implement the `CharSequence` interface.
      Specified by:
        `subSequence` in interface `CharSequence`
      Parameters:
        `start` - the start index, inclusive.
        `end` - the end index, exclusive.
      Returns:
        the specified subsequence.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `start` or `end` are negative, if `end` is greater than `length()`, or if `start` is greater than `end`
      Since:
        1.4

    - #### substring

          public String substring(int start,
                                  int end)

      Returns a new `String` that contains a subsequence of characters currently contained in this sequence. The substring begins at the specified `start` and extends to the character at index `end - 1`.
      Parameters:
        `start` - The beginning index, inclusive.
        `end` - The ending index, exclusive.
      Returns:
        The new string.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `start` or `end` are negative or greater than `length()`, or `start` is greater than `end`.
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int index,
                                     char[] str,
                                     int offset,
                                     int len)

      Inserts the string representation of a subarray of the `str` array argument into this sequence. The subarray begins at the specified `offset` and extends `len` `char`s. The characters of the subarray are inserted into this sequence at the position indicated by `index`. The length of this sequence increases by `len` `char`s.
      Parameters:
        `index` - position at which to insert subarray.
        `str` - A `char` array.
        `offset` - the index of the first `char` in subarray to be inserted.
        `len` - the number of `char`s in the subarray to be inserted.
      Returns:
        This object
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `index` is negative or greater than `length()`, or `offset` or `len` are negative, or `(offset+len)` is greater than `str.length`.
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     Object obj)

      Inserts the string representation of the `Object` argument into this character sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(Object)`, and the characters of that string were then `inserted` into this character sequence at the indicated offset.

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `obj` - an `Object`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     String str)

      Inserts the string into this character sequence.

      The characters of the `String` argument are inserted, in order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up any characters originally above that position and increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the argument. If `str` is `null`, then the four characters `"null"` are inserted into this sequence.

      The character at index k in the new character sequence is equal to:

      - the character at index k in the old character sequence, if k is less than `offset`
      - the character at index k`-offset` in the argument `str`, if k is not less than `offset` but is less than `offset+str.length()`
      - the character at index k`-str.length()` in the old character sequence, if k is not less than `offset+str.length()`

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `str` - a string.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     char[] str)

      Inserts the string representation of the `char` array argument into this sequence.

      The characters of the array argument are inserted into the contents of this sequence at the position indicated by `offset`. The length of this sequence increases by the length of the argument.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(char[])`, and the characters of that string were then `inserted` into this character sequence at the indicated offset.

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `str` - a character array.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int dstOffset,
                                     CharSequence s)

      Inserts the specified `CharSequence` into this sequence.

      The characters of the `CharSequence` argument are inserted, in order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up any characters originally above that position and increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the argument s.

      The result of this method is exactly the same as if it were an invocation of this object's `insert`(dstOffset, s, 0, s.length()) method.

      If `s` is `null`, then the four characters `"null"` are inserted into this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `dstOffset` - the offset.
        `s` - the sequence to be inserted
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int dstOffset,
                                     CharSequence s,
                                     int start,
                                     int end)

      Inserts a subsequence of the specified `CharSequence` into this sequence.

      The subsequence of the argument `s` specified by `start` and `end` are inserted, in order, into this sequence at the specified destination offset, moving up any characters originally above that position. The length of this sequence is increased by `end - start`.

      The character at index k in this sequence becomes equal to:

      - the character at index k in this sequence, if k is less than `dstOffset`
      - the character at index k`+start-dstOffset` in the argument `s`, if k is greater than or equal to `dstOffset` but is less than `dstOffset+end-start`
      - the character at index k`-(end-start)` in this sequence, if k is greater than or equal to `dstOffset+end-start`

      The `dstOffset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      The start argument must be nonnegative, and not greater than `end`.

      The end argument must be greater than or equal to `start`, and less than or equal to the length of s.

      If `s` is `null`, then this method inserts characters as if the s parameter was a sequence containing the four characters `"null"`.

      Parameters:
        `dstOffset` - the offset in this sequence.
        `s` - the sequence to be inserted.
        `start` - the starting index of the subsequence to be inserted.
        `end` - the end index of the subsequence to be inserted.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `dstOffset` is negative or greater than `this.length()`, or `start` or `end` are negative, or `start` is greater than `end` or `end` is greater than `s.length()`
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     boolean b)

      Inserts the string representation of the `boolean` argument into this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(boolean)`, and the characters of that string were then `inserted` into this character sequence at the indicated offset.

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `b` - a `boolean`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     char c)

      Inserts the string representation of the `char` argument into this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(char)`, and the character in that string were then `inserted` into this character sequence at the indicated offset.

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `c` - a `char`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     int i)

      Inserts the string representation of the second `int` argument into this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(int)`, and the characters of that string were then `inserted` into this character sequence at the indicated offset.

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `i` - an `int`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     long l)

      Inserts the string representation of the `long` argument into this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(long)`, and the characters of that string were then `inserted` into this character sequence at the indicated offset.

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `l` - a `long`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     float f)

      Inserts the string representation of the `float` argument into this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(float)`, and the characters of that string were then `inserted` into this character sequence at the indicated offset.

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `f` - a `float`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### insert

          public StringBuffer insert(int offset,
                                     double d)

      Inserts the string representation of the `double` argument into this sequence.

      The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were converted to a string by the method `String.valueOf(double)`, and the characters of that string were then `inserted` into this character sequence at the indicated offset.

      The `offset` argument must be greater than or equal to `0`, and less than or equal to the length of this sequence.

      Parameters:
        `offset` - the offset.
        `d` - a `double`.
      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Throws:
        `StringIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the offset is invalid.

    - #### indexOf

          public int indexOf(String str)

      Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring. The integer returned is the smallest value k such that:

           this.toString().startsWith(str, <i>k</i>)

      is `true`.
      Parameters:
        `str` - any string.
      Returns:
        if the string argument occurs as a substring within this object, then the index of the first character of the first such substring is returned; if it does not occur as a substring, `-1` is returned.
      Since:
        1.4

    - #### indexOf

          public int indexOf(String str,
                             int fromIndex)

      Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting at the specified index. The integer returned is the smallest value `k` for which:

               k >= Math.min(fromIndex, this.length()) &&
                             this.toString().startsWith(str, k)

      If no such value of k exists, then -1 is returned.
      Parameters:
        `str` - the substring for which to search.
        `fromIndex` - the index from which to start the search.
      Returns:
        the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting at the specified index.
      Since:
        1.4

    - #### lastIndexOf

          public int lastIndexOf(String str)

      Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence of the specified substring. The rightmost empty string "" is considered to occur at the index value `this.length()`. The returned index is the largest value k such that

           this.toString().startsWith(str, k)

      is true.
      Parameters:
        `str` - the substring to search for.
      Returns:
        if the string argument occurs one or more times as a substring within this object, then the index of the first character of the last such substring is returned. If it does not occur as a substring, `-1` is returned.
      Since:
        1.4

    - #### lastIndexOf

          public int lastIndexOf(String str,
                                 int fromIndex)

      Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring. The integer returned is the largest value k such that:

               k <= Math.min(fromIndex, this.length()) &&
                             this.toString().startsWith(str, k)

      If no such value of k exists, then -1 is returned.
      Parameters:
        `str` - the substring to search for.
        `fromIndex` - the index to start the search from.
      Returns:
        the index within this sequence of the last occurrence of the specified substring.
      Since:
        1.4

    - #### reverse

          public StringBuffer reverse()

      Causes this character sequence to be replaced by the reverse of the sequence. If there are any surrogate pairs included in the sequence, these are treated as single characters for the reverse operation. Thus, the order of the high-low surrogates is never reversed. Let n be the character length of this character sequence (not the length in `char` values) just prior to execution of the `reverse` method. Then the character at index k in the new character sequence is equal to the character at index n-k-1 in the old character sequence.

      Note that the reverse operation may result in producing surrogate pairs that were unpaired low-surrogates and high-surrogates before the operation. For example, reversing "\uDC00\uD800" produces "\uD800\uDC00" which is a valid surrogate pair.

      Returns:
        a reference to this object.
      Since:
        JDK1.0.2

    - #### toString

          public String toString()

      Returns a string representing the data in this sequence. A new `String` object is allocated and initialized to contain the character sequence currently represented by this object. This `String` is then returned. Subsequent changes to this sequence do not affect the contents of the `String`.
      Specified by:
        `toString` in interface `CharSequence`
      Returns:
        a string representation of this sequence of characters.

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